بیولوژی دریا (زیست دریا) - پدیده سفید شدگی مرجان ها (Coral Bleaching) در نتیجه از میان رفتن جلبک همزیست زوزانتلا (Zooxantellae) و یا از بین رفتن رنگیزه درون این جلبک تک سلولی به وجود می آید. مرجان ها اکوسیستم های عظیم آبسنگ های مرجانی را می سازند و برای ادامه حیات نیاز دارند با یک جلبک تک سلولی به نام زوزانتلا همزیستی داشته باشند. زوزانتلا می تواند فتوسنتز کند و با بسیاری از موجودات دریایی همزیستی دارد. هر چند که مرجان به وسیله تنتاکل هایش می تواند زئوپلانکتون ها را شکار کرده و مورد مصرف قرار دهد، ولی بیشتر غذای مرجان از طریق فتوسنتز زوزانتلا که در بافت آن به سر می برد تأمین می شود. علاوه بر این، مرجان ها در حقیقت سفید رنگ هستند و ساختار اسکلتی کربنات کلسیمی آنها فاقد رنگیزه می باشد. آنها رنگ های متنوع خود را مدیون جلبک زوزاتلا می باشند و رنگ مرجان به گونه جلبک همزیست آن بستگی دارد.

هنگامی که به مرجان ها استرس وارد شود، زوزانتلای درون آنها کاهش می یابد و در نتیجه آن، مرجان کم رنگ تر شده و یا کاملا رنگ خود را از دست می دهد و سفید می شود که ما این پدیده را سفید شدگی مرجان می نامیم. هنگامی که سفید شدگی مرجان آغاز می شود، حتی اگر عامل استرس زا را نیز حذف کنیم باز هم تا مدتی به گسترش خود ادامه می دهد. اگر کلونی مرجان بتواند دوره استرس را پشت سر بگذارد، هفته ها یا ماه ها طول می کشد که به تراکم اولیه خود باز گردد. گونه هایی که جایگزین گونه های از بین رفته می شوند ممکن است گونه های جدیدی باشند و نسبت به آن استرس، مقاومت بیشتری از خود نشان دهند.

اصلی ترین عامل سفید شدن مرجان ها، تغییر دمای آب است. کلونی های بزرگی مثل کلونی گونه Porites می توانند محدوده وسیعی از تغییرات حرارتی را تحمل کنند ولی بیشتر گونه های آبسنگ های مرجانی مثل مرجان های شاخی، شدیدا در مورد تغییرات دمایی حساس هستند. گونه هایی که شوک های دمایی ضعیف تری را تجربه کرده اند ممکن است مقاومت بهتری داشته باشند. از مهم ترین عوامل زیاد شدن دمای آب دریا، آب خروجی کارخانه های آب شیرین کن می باشد. در سواحل جنوبی خلیج فارس بسیاری از جوامع مرجانی در اثر فعالیت های این کارخانه ها در کشورهای عربی، سفید شده و از میان رفته اند.

باکتری های عفونت زا نیز از عوامل سفید شدن مرجان ها می باشند. باکتری عفونت زای Vibrio shiloi عامل سفید شدن مرجان Oculina patagonica در دریای مدیترانه است. این باکتری به زوزانتلاها حمله ور می شود. V. shiloi تنها در هنگام حضور گرما می تواند فعالیت کند. لذا افزایش حرارت آب می تواند باعث تحریک فعالیت این باکتری شود.

عوامل دیگری مثل ژنتیک و سلامت زوزانتلا، افزایش اسیدیته آب، تغییر در تابش های خورشیدی (میزان اشعه ماوراء بنفش)، کاهش جمعیت زئوپلانکتون ها، افزایش رسوب گذاری، باد و تماس با هوا در هنگام جزر نیز می توانند باعث سفید شدن آبسنگ های مرجانی شوند. در تصویر زیر یک مرجان مغزی طبیعی را در سمت چپ و یک مرجان مغزی سفید شده را در راست مشاهده می نمایید.

گمان می رود که در طی سال های 2012 تا 2040، آبسنگ های مرجانی به دفعات بیشتری دچار سفید شدگی شوند. آبسنگ مرجان سدی Great Barrier Reef که وسیع ترین آبسنگ مرجانی دنیا است در سال های 1980، 1982، 1992، 1994، 1998، 2002 و 2006 دچار پدیده سفید شدگی شده است. اگر چه بیشتر نواحی آن تقریبا میزان کمی تلفات داشتند و بازسازی شده اند، ولی برخی از نواحی دچار صدمات شدید شده و تقریبا 90 درصد تلفات مرجانی را در آنها شاهد هستیم.

مرجان های موجود در بسیاری از نقاط دنیا تحت تأثیر افزایش دما قرار گرفته و سفید شده اند. بیشتر آنها در اقیانوس هند قرار دارند. در مالدیو، سری لانکا، کنیا و تانزانیا بیش از 90 درصد مرجان ها از بین رفته اند. در هاوایی نیز در سال های 1996 و 2002 با گرم شدن آب اقیانوس، میزان بسیار بالایی از سفید شدن مرجان ها اتفاق افتاد. آبسنگ های مرجانی دریای مدیترانه نیز در 1996 به طور چشمگیری سفید شدند.

مرجان ها علاوه بر این که از زیباترین اکوسیستم های طبیعی دنیا می باشند، از مهم ترین و پرتولیدترین زیستگاه ها نیز شمرده می شوند. آبسنگ های مرجانی نواحی گرمسیری متنوع ترین اکوسیستم های آبی هستند و بسیاری از گونه های آبزیان، صرفا قادر به ادامه حیات در اکوسیستم های مرجانی می باشند. دانشمندان پیش بینی کرده اند اگر تأثیرات مخرب انسان بر دریاها کنترل نشوند و اوضاع به همین منوال پیش رود، به احتمال زیاد تا 30 سال دیگر هیچ مرجانی در کره زمین وجود نداشته باشد.

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