آب دريا ، محلولي از نمكهايي است كه تقريبا تركيب آنها ثابت بوده و به مقادير مختلف در آب محلول مي باشند . در آب دريا ، بيش از 70 نوع عنصر مختلف بصورت محلول وجود دارند اما 99% آب دريا را تنها 6 عنصر اصلي تشكيل مي دهند كه همگي آنها بصورت نمكهاي محلول بوده و بشكل يون – اتم يا گروه اتمهايي كه از نظر الكتريكي داري بار منفي هستند – مي باشند :

اقيانوس شناس ها از واژه شوري salinity ( ميزان كل نمك محلول بر حسب گرم در يك كيلو گرم آب دريا ) براي بيان ميزان شور بودن آب دريا استفاده مي كنند. كه بيانگر مقدار نمك موجود در آب دريا است.

آب دريا بطور عادي داراي شوري حدود : 35 G/KG ( 35گرم به ازاي هر يك كيلو گرم – يا 35 گرم در ليتر) مي باشد. كه آن را برحسب 35% هم بيان مي كنند . از اين جهت ميزان شوري آب دريا در ناحيه ورملي Wormly  در جنوب انگلستان را بعنوان استاندارد بين المللي براي تركيب آب دريا برگزيده اند .

علاوه بر عناصر اصلي بيان شده در بالا ، آب دريا حاوي مقادير جزئي از عناصر ديگر بصورت trace elements مي باشد كه عبارتند از :

منگنز : manganese (Mn)

سرب : lead (pb )

طلا : gold (Au)

آهن : iron (Fe)

يد : iodine (I)

اغلب اين عناصر در مقادير جزئي ( تريس ) و رد حد پي پي ام (ppm) or parts per billion و يا حتي پي پي بي : parts per billion (ppb) يعني يك قسمت در ميليارد موجود مي باشند . و از اين جهت در واكنش هاي شيميايي حائز اهميت هستند هم از جنبه مثبت و هم از جنبه منفي ( مسموميت زا بودن )

Dissolved gases in seawater

گازهاي محلول در آب دريا :

آب دريا حاوي گازهاي محلول در مقادير بسيار كم نيز مي باشد . گازهايي از فبيل : ( نيتروژن ، اكسيژن ، دي اكسيد كربن ، هيدروژن و گازهايي كه بصورت جزيي trace  در آن وجود دارند .

آب دريا تحت درجه حرارت معين و مقدار شوري كه دارد از اين گازها اشباع مي باشد بطوريكه مقدار گاز ورودي برابر با مقدار گازي است كه از آن خارج مي شود . سطح آب درياها در حالت عادي از گازهيا موجود در اتمسفر مانند : اكسيژن و نيتروژن ، اشباع مي باشد . ميزان گازي كه مي تواند كه آب دريا حل شود بستگي به ميزان شوري و درجه حرارت آب دارد . افزايش درجه حرارت و و شوري ، سبب كاهش ميزان گاز محلول در آب دريا مي شود .

هنگاميكه آب به قسمتهاي عميق تر اقيانوس فرو مي رود ديگر امكان تبادل گازهاي محلول با اتمسفر وجود ندارد و مقدار گازي كه در يك حجم معين از آب وجود دارد ثابت باقي مي ماند و فقط حركت مولكولهاي گاز در داخل آب ادامه پيدا مي كند .  كه شامل فرآيند آهسته و كند نفوذ diffusion است يا مخلوط شدن آب يك قسمت با آب بخش هاي ديگري كه ميزان عناصر و گازهاي محلول آنها با هم متفاوت است

در حالت كلي نيتروژن و گازهاي نادر ( آرگون ، هليم و غيره ) به همين شكل رفتار مي كنند و غلظت آنها يكسان باقي مي ماند و تنها تحت تاثير فرآيندهاي فيزيكي قرار مي گيرد . . به عكس بعضي از گازهاي محلول هستند كه متغير بوده و بصورتي فعال در فرآيندهاي شيميايي و بيولوژيكي شركت كرده و غلظت انها هم در طي اين مراحل تغيير مي كند .  نمونه اي از اين گونه گازها ، اكسيژن و دي اكسيد كربن است . كه در مقادير مختلف جذب آب دريا شده و يا از آب دريا جدا مي شوند خصوصا از طريق موجودات زنده و ارگانيسم ها .

Processes controlling seawater composition

فرآيندهايي كه تركيب شيميايي آب دريا را كنترل مي كنند .

نمك محلول در آب دريا از 3 منبع عمده زير منشاء مي گيرد :

• فورانهاي آتشفشاني
• واكنشهاي شيميايي بين آب دريا و صخره هاي آتشفشاني داغي كه بتازگي شكل گرفته اند و در كنار اقيانوسها گسترش يافته اند ( مجاور اقيانوسها و در تماس با انها هستند ) .
• آب و هواي حاوي مواد شيميايي كه از نواحي صخره اي قاره ها منشاء مي گيرند .

Volcanic eruptions فورانهاي آتشفشاني باعث توليد مقادير زيادي گاز مي شود كه در نهايت به اقيانوسها سرازير مي شود بخش عمده اي از اين گازها را سولفات ها و كلرايد ها تشكيل مي دهند .آتشفشاني هايي كه در زير آب صورت مي گيرد باعث پخش شدن مواد مذاب در آب و تزريق مستقيم گازهاي ناشي از فوران به درون آب اقيانوس مي شود . گازهاي ناشي از فوران هاي خارج دريا هم از طريق بارندگي و حل شدن در آب باران وارد اقيانوس مي شوند .

Chemical reactions واكنشهاي شيميايي بين آب گرم دريا و پوسته هاي بازالتيكي كه به تازگي پدپد آمده اند منجر به حذف منيزيوم و بعضي سولفاتها از آب دريا مي شود اين درحالي است كه غعناصر ديگر از قبيل هليم و روبيديم در اين حالت به آب دريا اضافه مي شوند .و از طريق همين مكانيسم باعث چرخش آب اقيانوس در پوسته آن مي شود . به اين ترتيب كل آب اقيانوس هر 5 تا 10 ميليون سال بطوركلي چرخيده و جابجا مي شود . شايد عمده ترين دليل اينكه چرا تركيب شيميايي آب دريا در طي ميلياردها سال  تقريبا در تمام نقاط آن يكسان باقي مانده است همين چرخش آن باشد .

بخش زيادي از نمك موجود در دريا از آب و هواي صخره ها و سرزمين هاي اطراف ان تاثير مي پذيرد . همچنانكه صخره ها بصورت خاك در مي آيند و محتويات محلول انها مانند سيليكا و عناصري چون سديم و كلسيم و پتاسيم و منيزيوم  رها مي شوند . آب رودخانه ها نيز بيكربناتها

(HCO3) را كه محصول فرعي فرسايش صخره هاي سيليكاتي و يا آهك محلول است با خود حمل مي كند . هنگاميكه اين تركيبات وارد آب اقيانوس مي شوند نمكهاي موجود در انها در آب رديا باقي مي ماند در حاليكه آب آنها وارد چرخه هيدرولوژيك ( بخار و سپس باران ...) مي گردد .

و به اين ترتيب واكنش هاي بيشتري بين آبهاي گل آلود و سيليكاتها ( فلدسپات ، كوارتز و غيره ... feldspars, quartz, etc ) و يا كربناتها ( مانند كلسيت و دولوميت ) و مواد معدني صخره ها صورت مي گيرد .

Silicate minerals + CO₂ + H₂O = Clay mineral + dissolved silica + ions (sodium, calcium, bicarbonate, etc.)

مواد معدني سيليكات + CO2 + H2O = مواد معدني خاكي + سيليكاي محلول + يونها ( سديم و كلسيم و بيكربنات )

Example: weathering of feldspar:

مثالي از فرسايش فلدسپات :

2NaAlSi₃O₈ + 2CO₂ + 11H₂O = Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄ + 2Na⁺ + 2HCO₃^- + 4H₄SiO₄

آهك( كه حاوي مواد معدني كلسيت است ) بطوركامل در آبهاي اسيدي حل مي شود :

CaCO₃ + H₂O + CO₂ = Ca²⁺ + 2HCO₃^-

شواهدي وجود دارد كه نشان مي دهد ميزان شوري آب دريا بريا ميلياردها سال ثابت باقي مانده است به هيمن دليل فرآيندهاي ديگري بايد وجود داشته باشند كه باعث تغيير محتويات محلول در آب دريا شوند . كربنات كلسيم نيترات و سيليكا توسط موجودات زنده كه ساختماني اسكلتي دارند جذب مي شوند . ساير محتويات آب دريا مانند سديم به هنگام تبخير آب دريا در آب آن باقي مي مانند . اين واقع هنگامي اتفاق مي افتد كه ارتباط بخش از دريا با آب هيا آزاد اقيانوس قطع مي شود و يا در محلهايي كه آب و هواي خيلي خشكي دارد اين اتفاق مي افتد . مثلا هنگامي كه بخشي از دريا به مدت 400 ميليون سال از آبهاي آزاد اقيانوس جدا گردد Saskatchewan شكل مي گيرند . بخش عمده اي از اين آبي كه تبخير شده است در پشت يك لايه ضخيم از رسوبات نمك باقي مي ماند . وزش باد نيز باعث اسپري كردن آب و و برداشتن نمكهاي ان مي شود كه اين نمكها ممكن است در طول ساحل رسوب كنند . بعضي از موادد معدني هم در كف دريا رسوب مي كنند مانند گل و لاي و باعث جذب يونها فلزي مي شوند .

هنگاميكه رسوبات كف دريا و آنهايي كه در اثر تبخير بوجود آمده اند مجددا به سطح آب مي آيند با برخورد با صفحات ليتوسفر (پوسته سطح زمين ) دوباره در معرض هوازدگي و فرسايش قرار گرفته و محلول شده و نهايتا به دريا برگشت داده مي شوند .

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